Improved strategies to counter the COVID-19 pandemic: Lockdowns vs. primary and community healthcare.
Identifieur interne : 000339 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000338; suivant : 000340Improved strategies to counter the COVID-19 pandemic: Lockdowns vs. primary and community healthcare.
Auteurs : Konstantinos Farsalinos [Grèce] ; Konstantinos Poulas [Grèce] ; Dimitrios Kouretas [Grèce] ; Apostolos Vantarakis [Grèce] ; Michalis Leotsinidis [Grèce] ; Dimitrios Kouvelas [Grèce] ; Anca Oana Docea [Roumanie] ; Ronald Kostoff [États-Unis] ; Grigorios T. Gerotziafas [France] ; Michael N. Antoniou [Royaume-Uni] ; Riccardo Polosa [Italie] ; Anastastia Barbouni [Grèce] ; Vassiliki Yiakoumaki [Grèce] ; Theodoros V. Giannouchos [États-Unis] ; Pantelis G. Bagos [Grèce] ; George Lazopoulos [Grèce] ; Boris N. Izotov [Russie] ; Victor A. Tutelyan [Russie] ; Michael Aschner [États-Unis] ; Thomas Hartung [États-Unis, Allemagne] ; Heather M. Wallace [Royaume-Uni] ; Félix Carvalho [Portugal] ; Jose L. Domingo [Espagne] ; Aristides Tsatsakis [Russie, Grèce]Source :
- Toxicology reports [ 2214-7500 ] ; 2021.
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic mitigation strategies are mainly based on social distancing measures and healthcare system reinforcement. However, many countries in Europe and elsewhere implemented strict, horizontal lockdowns because of extensive viral spread in the community which challenges the capacity of the healthcare systems. However, strict lockdowns have various untintended adverse social, economic and health effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated, and have not been considered in models examining the effects of various mitigation measures. Unlike commonly suggested, the dilemma is not about health vs wealth because the economic devastation of long-lasting lockdowns will definitely have adverse health effects in the population. Furthermore, they cannot provide a lasting solution in pandemic containment, potentially resulting in a vicious cycle of consecutive lockdowns with in-between breaks. Hospital preparedness has been the main strategy used by governments. However, a major characteristic of the COVID-19 pandemic is the rapid viral transmission in populations with no immunity. Thus, even the best hospital system could not cope with the demand. Primary, community and home care are the only viable strategies that could achieve the goal of pandemic mitigation. We present the case example of Greece, a country which followed a strategy focused on hospital preparedness but failed to reinforce primary and community care. This, along with strategic mistakes in epidemiological surveillance, resulted in Greece implementing a second strict, horizontal lockdown and having one of the highest COVID-19 death rates in Europe during the second wave. We provide recommendations for measures that will reinstate primary and community care at the forefront in managing the current public health crisis by protecting hospitals from unnecessary admissions, providing primary and secondary prevention services in relation to COVID-19 and maintaining population health through treatment of non-COVID-19 conditions. This, together with more selective social distancing measures (instead of horizontal lockdowns), represents the only viable and realistic long-term strategy for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation.
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.001
PubMed: 33294384
PubMed Central: PMC7713637
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Espagne, France, Grèce, Italie, Portugal, Roumanie, Royaume-Uni, Russie, États-Unis
- Bade-Wurtemberg, District de Fribourg-en-Brisgau, District fédéral central, Utah
- Constance (Allemagne), Moscou
- Université de Constance
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Sofia, 97 95131, Catania, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97 95131, Catania</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Catania</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro Prevenzione Cura Tabagismo, Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro Prevenzione Cura Tabagismo, Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, 95123, Catania</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Catania</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbouni, Anastastia" sort="Barbouni, Anastastia" uniqKey="Barbouni A" first="Anastastia" last="Barbouni">Anastastia Barbouni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health, University of West Attica, L Alexandras 196A, Athens, 11521, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, University of West Attica, L Alexandras 196A, Athens, 11521</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>11521</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yiakoumaki, Vassiliki" sort="Yiakoumaki, Vassiliki" uniqKey="Yiakoumaki V" first="Vassiliki" last="Yiakoumaki">Vassiliki Yiakoumaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly, 38221, Volos, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly, 38221, Volos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Volos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giannouchos, Theodoros V" sort="Giannouchos, Theodoros V" uniqKey="Giannouchos T" first="Theodoros V" last="Giannouchos">Theodoros V. Giannouchos</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Utah</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bagos, Pantelis G" sort="Bagos, Pantelis G" uniqKey="Bagos P" first="Pantelis G" last="Bagos">Pantelis G. Bagos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, 35100, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, 35100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>35100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazopoulos, George" sort="Lazopoulos, George" uniqKey="Lazopoulos G" first="George" last="Lazopoulos">George Lazopoulos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Crete</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izotov, Boris N" sort="Izotov, Boris N" uniqKey="Izotov B" first="Boris N" last="Izotov">Boris N. Izotov</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tutelyan, Victor A" sort="Tutelyan, Victor A" uniqKey="Tutelyan V" first="Victor A" last="Tutelyan">Victor A. Tutelyan</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aschner, Michael" sort="Aschner, Michael" uniqKey="Aschner M" first="Michael" last="Aschner">Michael Aschner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Eisntein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Eisntein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>10461</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartung, Thomas" sort="Hartung, Thomas" uniqKey="Hartung T" first="Thomas" last="Hartung">Thomas Hartung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>21205</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Fribourg-en-Brisgau</region><settlement type="city">Constance (Allemagne)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Constance</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Heather M" sort="Wallace, Heather M" uniqKey="Wallace H" first="Heather M" last="Wallace">Heather M. Wallace</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Aberdeen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Felix" sort="Carvalho, Felix" uniqKey="Carvalho F" first="Félix" last="Carvalho">Félix Carvalho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domingo, Jose L" sort="Domingo, Jose L" uniqKey="Domingo J" first="Jose L" last="Domingo">Jose L. Domingo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Catalonia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsatsakis, Aristides" sort="Tsatsakis, Aristides" uniqKey="Tsatsakis A" first="Aristides" last="Tsatsakis">Aristides Tsatsakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Heraklion</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2021">2021</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:33294384</idno><idno type="pmid">33294384</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.001</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7713637</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000865</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000865</idno><idno 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wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health, University of West Attica, L Alexandras 196A, Athens, 11521, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, University of West Attica, L Alexandras 196A, Athens, 11521</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>11521</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poulas, Konstantinos" sort="Poulas, Konstantinos" uniqKey="Poulas K" first="Konstantinos" last="Poulas">Konstantinos Poulas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Panepistimiopolis, 26500, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Panepistimiopolis, 26500</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26500</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kouretas, Dimitrios" sort="Kouretas, Dimitrios" uniqKey="Kouretas D" first="Dimitrios" last="Kouretas">Dimitrios Kouretas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, 41500, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, 41500</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>41500</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vantarakis, Apostolos" sort="Vantarakis, Apostolos" uniqKey="Vantarakis A" first="Apostolos" last="Vantarakis">Apostolos Vantarakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Medicine, University of Patras, Panepistimiopolis, 26500, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, University of Patras, Panepistimiopolis, 26500</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26500</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leotsinidis, Michalis" sort="Leotsinidis, Michalis" uniqKey="Leotsinidis M" first="Michalis" last="Leotsinidis">Michalis Leotsinidis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Lab. of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, University Campus, 26504, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Lab. of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, University Campus, 26504</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>26504</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kouvelas, Dimitrios" sort="Kouvelas, Dimitrios" uniqKey="Kouvelas D" first="Dimitrios" last="Kouvelas">Dimitrios Kouvelas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thessaloniki</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Docea, Anca Oana" sort="Docea, Anca Oana" uniqKey="Docea A" first="Anca Oana" last="Docea">Anca Oana Docea</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Roumanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Craiova</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kostoff, Ronald" sort="Kostoff, Ronald" uniqKey="Kostoff R" first="Ronald" last="Kostoff">Ronald Kostoff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, 20155</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20155</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gerotziafas, Grigorios T" sort="Gerotziafas, Grigorios T" uniqKey="Gerotziafas G" first="Grigorios T" last="Gerotziafas">Grigorios T. Gerotziafas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Group de recherche « Cancer-Hemostasis-Angiogenesis », Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Centre de Thrombose, Tenon-Saint Antoine, University Hospitals, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Group de recherche « Cancer-Hemostasis-Angiogenesis », Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Centre de Thrombose, Tenon-Saint Antoine, University Hospitals, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antoniou, Michael N" sort="Antoniou, Michael N" uniqKey="Antoniou M" first="Michael N" last="Antoniou">Michael N. Antoniou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SE1 9RT</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polosa, Riccardo" sort="Polosa, Riccardo" uniqKey="Polosa R" first="Riccardo" last="Polosa">Riccardo Polosa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97 95131, Catania, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97 95131, Catania</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Catania</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centro Prevenzione Cura Tabagismo, Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centro Prevenzione Cura Tabagismo, Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, 95123, Catania</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Catania</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbouni, Anastastia" sort="Barbouni, Anastastia" uniqKey="Barbouni A" first="Anastastia" last="Barbouni">Anastastia Barbouni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health, University of West Attica, L Alexandras 196A, Athens, 11521, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, University of West Attica, L Alexandras 196A, Athens, 11521</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>11521</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yiakoumaki, Vassiliki" sort="Yiakoumaki, Vassiliki" uniqKey="Yiakoumaki V" first="Vassiliki" last="Yiakoumaki">Vassiliki Yiakoumaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly, 38221, Volos, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly, 38221, Volos</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Volos</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giannouchos, Theodoros V" sort="Giannouchos, Theodoros V" uniqKey="Giannouchos T" first="Theodoros V" last="Giannouchos">Theodoros V. Giannouchos</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Utah</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bagos, Pantelis G" sort="Bagos, Pantelis G" uniqKey="Bagos P" first="Pantelis G" last="Bagos">Pantelis G. Bagos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, 35100, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, 35100</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>35100</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazopoulos, George" sort="Lazopoulos, George" uniqKey="Lazopoulos G" first="George" last="Lazopoulos">George Lazopoulos</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Crete</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Izotov, Boris N" sort="Izotov, Boris N" uniqKey="Izotov B" first="Boris N" last="Izotov">Boris N. Izotov</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tutelyan, Victor A" sort="Tutelyan, Victor A" uniqKey="Tutelyan V" first="Victor A" last="Tutelyan">Victor A. Tutelyan</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aschner, Michael" sort="Aschner, Michael" uniqKey="Aschner M" first="Michael" last="Aschner">Michael Aschner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Eisntein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Eisntein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>10461</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hartung, Thomas" sort="Hartung, Thomas" uniqKey="Hartung T" first="Thomas" last="Hartung">Thomas Hartung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>21205</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Fribourg-en-Brisgau</region><settlement type="city">Constance (Allemagne)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Constance</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Heather M" sort="Wallace, Heather M" uniqKey="Wallace H" first="Heather M" last="Wallace">Heather M. Wallace</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Aberdeen</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Felix" sort="Carvalho, Felix" uniqKey="Carvalho F" first="Félix" last="Carvalho">Félix Carvalho</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country><wicri:regionArea>UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Porto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domingo, Jose L" sort="Domingo, Jose L" uniqKey="Domingo J" first="Jose L" last="Domingo">Jose L. Domingo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Catalonia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tsatsakis, Aristides" sort="Tsatsakis, Aristides" uniqKey="Tsatsakis A" first="Aristides" last="Tsatsakis">Aristides Tsatsakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Moscou</settlement><region>District fédéral central</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Heraklion</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Toxicology reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2214-7500</idno><imprint><date when="2021" type="published">2021</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">COVID-19 pandemic mitigation strategies are mainly based on social distancing measures and healthcare system reinforcement. However, many countries in Europe and elsewhere implemented strict, horizontal lockdowns because of extensive viral spread in the community which challenges the capacity of the healthcare systems. However, strict lockdowns have various untintended adverse social, economic and health effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated, and have not been considered in models examining the effects of various mitigation measures. Unlike commonly suggested, the dilemma is not about health vs wealth because the economic devastation of long-lasting lockdowns will definitely have adverse health effects in the population. Furthermore, they cannot provide a lasting solution in pandemic containment, potentially resulting in a vicious cycle of consecutive lockdowns with in-between breaks. Hospital preparedness has been the main strategy used by governments. However, a major characteristic of the COVID-19 pandemic is the rapid viral transmission in populations with no immunity. Thus, even the best hospital system could not cope with the demand. Primary, community and home care are the only viable strategies that could achieve the goal of pandemic mitigation. We present the case example of Greece, a country which followed a strategy focused on hospital preparedness but failed to reinforce primary and community care. This, along with strategic mistakes in epidemiological surveillance, resulted in Greece implementing a second strict, horizontal lockdown and having one of the highest COVID-19 death rates in Europe during the second wave. We provide recommendations for measures that will reinstate primary and community care at the forefront in managing the current public health crisis by protecting hospitals from unnecessary admissions, providing primary and secondary prevention services in relation to COVID-19 and maintaining population health through treatment of non-COVID-19 conditions. This, together with more selective social distancing measures (instead of horizontal lockdowns), represents the only viable and realistic long-term strategy for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">33294384</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>17</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2214-7500</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>8</Volume><PubDate><Year>2021</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Toxicology reports</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Toxicol Rep</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Improved strategies to counter the COVID-19 pandemic: Lockdowns vs. primary and community healthcare.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1-9</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.001</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>COVID-19 pandemic mitigation strategies are mainly based on social distancing measures and healthcare system reinforcement. However, many countries in Europe and elsewhere implemented strict, horizontal lockdowns because of extensive viral spread in the community which challenges the capacity of the healthcare systems. However, strict lockdowns have various untintended adverse social, economic and health effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated, and have not been considered in models examining the effects of various mitigation measures. Unlike commonly suggested, the dilemma is not about health vs wealth because the economic devastation of long-lasting lockdowns will definitely have adverse health effects in the population. Furthermore, they cannot provide a lasting solution in pandemic containment, potentially resulting in a vicious cycle of consecutive lockdowns with in-between breaks. Hospital preparedness has been the main strategy used by governments. However, a major characteristic of the COVID-19 pandemic is the rapid viral transmission in populations with no immunity. Thus, even the best hospital system could not cope with the demand. Primary, community and home care are the only viable strategies that could achieve the goal of pandemic mitigation. We present the case example of Greece, a country which followed a strategy focused on hospital preparedness but failed to reinforce primary and community care. This, along with strategic mistakes in epidemiological surveillance, resulted in Greece implementing a second strict, horizontal lockdown and having one of the highest COVID-19 death rates in Europe during the second wave. We provide recommendations for measures that will reinstate primary and community care at the forefront in managing the current public health crisis by protecting hospitals from unnecessary admissions, providing primary and secondary prevention services in relation to COVID-19 and maintaining population health through treatment of non-COVID-19 conditions. This, together with more selective social distancing measures (instead of horizontal lockdowns), represents the only viable and realistic long-term strategy for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2020 The Authors.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Farsalinos</LastName><ForeName>Konstantinos</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Panepistimiopolis, 26500, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, University of West Attica, L Alexandras 196A, Athens, 11521, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Poulas</LastName><ForeName>Konstantinos</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Panepistimiopolis, 26500, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kouretas</LastName><ForeName>Dimitrios</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larisa, 41500, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vantarakis</LastName><ForeName>Apostolos</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Medicine, University of Patras, Panepistimiopolis, 26500, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leotsinidis</LastName><ForeName>Michalis</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lab. of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, University Campus, 26504, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kouvelas</LastName><ForeName>Dimitrios</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Docea</LastName><ForeName>Anca Oana</ForeName><Initials>AO</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kostoff</LastName><ForeName>Ronald</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, 20155, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gerotziafas</LastName><ForeName>Grigorios T</ForeName><Initials>GT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Group de recherche « Cancer-Hemostasis-Angiogenesis », Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Centre de Thrombose, Tenon-Saint Antoine, University Hospitals, Assistance publique Hôpitaux de Paris, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Antoniou</LastName><ForeName>Michael N</ForeName><Initials>MN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Polosa</LastName><ForeName>Riccardo</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 97 95131, Catania, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centro Prevenzione Cura Tabagismo, Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction, University of Catania, 95123, Catania, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Barbouni</LastName><ForeName>Anastastia</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, University of West Attica, L Alexandras 196A, Athens, 11521, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yiakoumaki</LastName><ForeName>Vassiliki</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly, 38221, Volos, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Giannouchos</LastName><ForeName>Theodoros V</ForeName><Initials>TV</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bagos</LastName><ForeName>Pantelis G</ForeName><Initials>PG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, 35100, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lazopoulos</LastName><ForeName>George</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Izotov</LastName><ForeName>Boris N</ForeName><Initials>BN</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tutelyan</LastName><ForeName>Victor A</ForeName><Initials>VA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aschner</LastName><ForeName>Michael</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Eisntein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hartung</LastName><ForeName>Thomas</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wallace</LastName><ForeName>Heather M</ForeName><Initials>HM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Carvalho</LastName><ForeName>Félix</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Domingo</LastName><ForeName>Jose L</ForeName><Initials>JL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tsatsakis</LastName><ForeName>Aristides</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>03</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Ireland</Country><MedlineTA>Toxicol Rep</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101630272</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2214-7500</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19 pandemic</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Horizontal lockdowns</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Hospital preparedness</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Primary care</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2020</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>25</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>01</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2020</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>15</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33294384</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.001</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S2214-7500(20)30443-1</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7713637</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><pmc-dir>pmcsd</pmc-dir>
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Bagos</name><name sortKey="Barbouni, Anastastia" sort="Barbouni, Anastastia" uniqKey="Barbouni A" first="Anastastia" last="Barbouni">Anastastia Barbouni</name><name sortKey="Farsalinos, Konstantinos" sort="Farsalinos, Konstantinos" uniqKey="Farsalinos K" first="Konstantinos" last="Farsalinos">Konstantinos Farsalinos</name><name sortKey="Kouretas, Dimitrios" sort="Kouretas, Dimitrios" uniqKey="Kouretas D" first="Dimitrios" last="Kouretas">Dimitrios Kouretas</name><name sortKey="Kouvelas, Dimitrios" sort="Kouvelas, Dimitrios" uniqKey="Kouvelas D" first="Dimitrios" last="Kouvelas">Dimitrios Kouvelas</name><name sortKey="Lazopoulos, George" sort="Lazopoulos, George" uniqKey="Lazopoulos G" first="George" last="Lazopoulos">George Lazopoulos</name><name sortKey="Leotsinidis, Michalis" sort="Leotsinidis, Michalis" uniqKey="Leotsinidis M" first="Michalis" last="Leotsinidis">Michalis Leotsinidis</name><name sortKey="Poulas, Konstantinos" sort="Poulas, Konstantinos" uniqKey="Poulas K" first="Konstantinos" last="Poulas">Konstantinos Poulas</name><name sortKey="Tsatsakis, Aristides" sort="Tsatsakis, Aristides" uniqKey="Tsatsakis A" first="Aristides" last="Tsatsakis">Aristides Tsatsakis</name><name sortKey="Vantarakis, Apostolos" sort="Vantarakis, Apostolos" uniqKey="Vantarakis A" first="Apostolos" last="Vantarakis">Apostolos Vantarakis</name><name sortKey="Yiakoumaki, Vassiliki" sort="Yiakoumaki, Vassiliki" uniqKey="Yiakoumaki V" first="Vassiliki" last="Yiakoumaki">Vassiliki Yiakoumaki</name></country><country name="Roumanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Docea, Anca Oana" sort="Docea, Anca Oana" uniqKey="Docea A" first="Anca Oana" last="Docea">Anca Oana Docea</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kostoff, Ronald" sort="Kostoff, Ronald" uniqKey="Kostoff R" first="Ronald" last="Kostoff">Ronald Kostoff</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Aschner, Michael" sort="Aschner, Michael" uniqKey="Aschner M" first="Michael" last="Aschner">Michael Aschner</name><name sortKey="Giannouchos, Theodoros V" sort="Giannouchos, Theodoros V" uniqKey="Giannouchos T" first="Theodoros V" last="Giannouchos">Theodoros V. 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